CH 23

• Technology was an important factor with the economic globalization and how fast it happened
• Technology like oil tankers, containerized shipping, and air express services lowered transportation costs
• Internet and fiber optic cables helped with the interaction between people
• Neoliberalism - when capitalist countries left earlier political control because their leaders viewed the world as a single market
• This approach was in favor with less tariffs, global movement of capital, temporary work force and spending cuts
• Economic globalization helped create the biggest increase in economic growth in history
• 1973-1974 stock market crashed because of increased oil prices which created a tough time for developing countries.
• Lost Decade - In Latin America when people couldn't pay their debts
• There were a lot of protest improvements in the 1960's

CH 21

• 20th century communists believed the only way to achieve their goals was through revolution
• Others believed in democracy and peaceful strategies
• 1950 - McCarthyism began in the US
• Russia was the first country to have a communist revolution
• Workers in Russia began to take their issues to the streets, expressing their anger at the “incompetence and privileges of the elite”
• Tsar Nicholas 11 was stripped from all of his power, forcing him to step down from the throne
• Ended the 3 century long Romanov dynasty in Russia 
• This gave workers more leverage and all the more reason to fight back
• workers took over factories and people began to fight and speak out for workers
• Peasants began to fight back as well, taking over their landlord's estates
• provisional goverment took over, and it was obvious that there was no one fit to lead Russia
• Many people wanted them to take Russia out of war
• government refused to do so
• created more tension for the people and started an uproar
• Bolsheviks - greatest group led by Vladimir Llyich Ulyanow(aka Lenin)
• 1921 - small Chinese communist party, the CCP was formed in order to organize country's working class
• Guomindng - CCP rival who eventually kicked CCP out of China's cities
• Mao Zedong - Leader of CCP
• Communists in China relied heavily on peasant villages for support

CH 20

• "Time in the sun"
• Germany was a problem for Europe in terms of politics
• Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente
• Triple Alliance = Germany, Italy, Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Triple Entente = Russia, France, Britain
• June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist
• The Austro-Hungarian empire was determined to crush the Serbian Empire 
• The Great war lasted for about 4 years and ended in the defeat of Germany

• Great depression followed WW1 in 1929
• Stock market crashed leaving thousands broke
• Hitler became chancellor of German government in 1933
• WW2 started in Asia
• Chinese nationalism threatened Japans influence over Manchuria
• US entered WW2 with Pearl Harbor attack
• US dropped 2 atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Europe finally recovered from hardships in 20th century
• Europe's resiliency of industry society aided recovery
• Europe's ability  to regroup its economy also aided recovery

CH 19

• The emperor of China declined King George's for less strict trading relationship
• Qianlong rejected request as well because they felt that they didn't need anyone else to trade with
• Europeans forced issue to keep markets open and have profitable presence
• Didn't need to claim land in that way, just wanted successful trade
• Eventually in 1912, China became in need of European economy
• Embraced western modern economic systems
• China expanded and more people began to live there, but didn't have industrial revolution to accompany change
• Led to over population, farm fields that weren't big enough, and unemployment
• Central state eventually lost power because they were unable to keep up with taxes because of over population
• Leaders didn't follow confucianism or buddhism, followed christianity
• wanted revolutionary change 

• Women gained more equal rights
• feet unbound, equal share of property and given higher positions in the work force
• Opium was getting popular
• Illegal to trade in China, so they smuggled it in
• China traded silver for Opium, caused economic problems
• Many Chinese people, to overcome work, became addicts to Opium
• China led campaign against Opium... started Opium war
• Affected Britain's trading business, sent ship to China to withdrawal restrictions

CH 18

• In the 19th century, the cause of Europe's expansion was the Industrial Revolution
• Made more sense to invest overseas rather than on land in own country
• In Europe, there were more products than people could afford
• Steam ships improved travel to Asia and Africa and made it faster

• Europe had the upper-hand because of machine guns.
• With every conquest, Europeans had to fight long and hard, but Machine guns gave them the advantage and came out on top
• Underwater telegraph was helpful for communication
• It was devastating for societies when they were incorporated into European colony 
• Many people in societies died and lost their homes and cattle 
• People who cooperated with Europe or agreed with their motives were happy with colonized lives
• Work and jobs changes, more people found jobs and differed in way people worked
• Cash Crop: tobacco, rubber, coffee.. any crop that's grown to trade for money
• Different from past because traditional/barter economy grew to consume
• People were not used to colonial state taxing and seizing land
• Many people were forced to work without pay
• Natives were forced to work 10-12 days of the year
• Thailand was not colonized, favoring European ideas 

#2 - Chapter 14 Notes

Europeans and Asian Commerce

• The way the Asian empire grew differentiated from how the European empires in the Western Hemisphere grew.
• The motivation was to acquire different spices that were very important. These spices were used for condiments and preservatives. Other than spices, other items such as silk, cotton, and jewels were high in demand.
• Some of Europe's countries were becoming centers of international commerce, improving European economies.
• Several problems came with this pattern of trade:
• All of the goods belonged to Muslims. 
• Paying for goods was difficult for Europeans. They had to pay in silver or gold for spices or textiles. The Europeans often needed silver and gold to buy goods, so the search for these precious metals in other countries increased. Mexico and Bolivia provided Europeans those metals because of rich silver deposits in those countries. The Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British all contributed to new way of trade.

A Portuguese Empire of Commerce

• Portuguese traveled to a new part of the world. It was different kind of life that they had never experienced before. "The arena of the Indian Ocean commerce" was different in the way that countries traded freely. Religion played a part in commerce. Muslims played a majority of the roles in the commercial network. The Europeans wouldn't be able to compete with trade because their trade goods were "crude and unattractive".
• Ocean trade routes were generally open. The Portuguese were powerful in the way that the Chinese fleet didn't have the same powerful weapons, such as cannons, as they did. Piracy was sometimes a problem, although many small-scale merchants chose to trade openly.
• The Portuguese capitalized and attacked weaker cities with no remorse. The aimed to control commerce and created a "trading post empire". They blocked off sea trade routes. Although they tried to gain control, the Portuguese never controlled more than half of the spice trade in Europe.
• The Portuguese failed at controlling commerce and eventually had to sell their shipping services because they weren't able to sell their goods. 

Spain and the Philippines

• Spain challenged Portugal. Spain established themselves on the Philippine Islands. These thousands of tiny islands were occupied by chiefdoms who were without a king or sole authority. They did as they pleased. China nor Japan wanted these islands because they were so small.
• The Spanish eventually took over the Philippines completely until 1898.
• Christianity spread.
• Spain forced the people of the island to conform to Spanish culture:
• made them live in Christian communities
• women lost their roles as important people of the island
• Manila was a flourishing and successful city. Although, the chinese and spaniards butted heads often, which led to revolts and massacres. Once, the Spanish killed almost 20,000 Chinese, nearly all of the Chinese population on the Island.

The East India Companies

• The Dutch and the English eventually took over the Portuguese and successfully lead the Indian Ocean trade routes. The Dutch, known for their business skills, and the British, organized private trading routes succesfully, unlike the Portuguese.

#1

Done.