CH 19

• The emperor of China declined King George's for less strict trading relationship
• Qianlong rejected request as well because they felt that they didn't need anyone else to trade with
• Europeans forced issue to keep markets open and have profitable presence
• Didn't need to claim land in that way, just wanted successful trade
• Eventually in 1912, China became in need of European economy
• Embraced western modern economic systems
• China expanded and more people began to live there, but didn't have industrial revolution to accompany change
• Led to over population, farm fields that weren't big enough, and unemployment
• Central state eventually lost power because they were unable to keep up with taxes because of over population
• Leaders didn't follow confucianism or buddhism, followed christianity
• wanted revolutionary change 

• Women gained more equal rights
• feet unbound, equal share of property and given higher positions in the work force
• Opium was getting popular
• Illegal to trade in China, so they smuggled it in
• China traded silver for Opium, caused economic problems
• Many Chinese people, to overcome work, became addicts to Opium
• China led campaign against Opium... started Opium war
• Affected Britain's trading business, sent ship to China to withdrawal restrictions

CH 18

• In the 19th century, the cause of Europe's expansion was the Industrial Revolution
• Made more sense to invest overseas rather than on land in own country
• In Europe, there were more products than people could afford
• Steam ships improved travel to Asia and Africa and made it faster

• Europe had the upper-hand because of machine guns.
• With every conquest, Europeans had to fight long and hard, but Machine guns gave them the advantage and came out on top
• Underwater telegraph was helpful for communication
• It was devastating for societies when they were incorporated into European colony 
• Many people in societies died and lost their homes and cattle 
• People who cooperated with Europe or agreed with their motives were happy with colonized lives
• Work and jobs changes, more people found jobs and differed in way people worked
• Cash Crop: tobacco, rubber, coffee.. any crop that's grown to trade for money
• Different from past because traditional/barter economy grew to consume
• People were not used to colonial state taxing and seizing land
• Many people were forced to work without pay
• Natives were forced to work 10-12 days of the year
• Thailand was not colonized, favoring European ideas